Hidden Contaminants on the Menu – Market and Socioeconomic Profiles of Emerging Contaminants in Fish of Nutritional Importance Revealed by μ-Raman

The presence of emerging contaminants in seafood represents a growing concern at the interface between environmental pollution, food safety, and public health. This study investigated the occurrence and composition of emerging contaminants in nutritionally important fish marketed in Santos (Brazil) and Maputo (Mozambique), integrating μ-Raman spectroscopy, multivariate analysis, market categories, and consumer socioeconomic profiles. The gastrointestinal tracts of croaker (Micropogonias furnieri) and horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus) were analyzed to identify contaminant signatures and potential exposure pathways. A total of 65 compounds and materials were identified, revealing a complex mixture of carbonaceous materials, synthetic polymers, regenerated fibers, industrial dyes, pigments, pharmaceutical compounds, and other anthropogenic substances. Carbon and graphite were the most frequent components, while polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyester compounds were the predominant synthetic polymers. Similar contamination profiles were observed in both countries, particularly for PET, graphite, and cellulosic materials, indicating recurring contamination patterns in different coastal urban systems. Correspondence analysis revealed stronger associations between contaminant occurrence and market characteristics than between broad consumer socioeconomic categories. These findings corroborate One Health approaches and contribute to discussions on food safety, public health, responsible consumption, and marine conservation.