Chemistry of Multitudinous Active Sites for Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Transition Metal–Nitrogen–Carbon Electrocatalysts

Development and optimization of non-platinum group metal (non-PGM) electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), consisting of transition metal–nitrogen–carbon (M–N–C) framework, is hindered by the partial understanding of the reaction mechanisms and precise chemistry of the active site or sites. In this study, we have analyzed more than 45 M–N–C electrocatalysts synthesized from three different families of precursors, such as polymer-based, macrocycles, and small organic molecules. Catalysts were electrochemically tested and analyzed structurally using exactly the same protocol for deriving structure-to-property relationships. We have identified possible active sites participating in different ORR pathways: (1) metal-free electrocatalysts support partial reduction of O 2 to H 2 O 2; (2) pyrrolic nitrogen acts as a site for partial O 2 reduction to H 2 O 2; (3) pyridinic nitrogen displays catalytic activity in reducing H 2 O 2 to H 2 O; (4) Fe coordinated to N (Fe–N x ) serves as an active site for four-electron (4e – ) direct reduction of O 2 to H 2 O. The ratio of the amount of pyridinic and Fe–N x to the amount of pyrrolic nitrogen serves as a rational design metric of M–N–C electrocatalytic activity in oxygen reduction reaction occurring through the preferred 4e – reduction to H 2 O.