Cyborg Urbanization: Complexity and Monstrosity in the Contemporary City

cyborg’ can be traced to the eighteenth-century word ‘organism’ (derived from the French organisme) and the more recent term ‘cybernetics’ introduced by the mathematician Norbert Wiener in the 1940s to describe the study of complex systems of control and communications in animals and machines.The literature on the cyborg ranges from conceptions of the cyborg as an ontological or epistemological strategy to explorations of specific manifestations of the cyborg in social and material practice.See, for example, Haraway (1984; 1991a; 1991b; 1992),