High-Resolution Single-Cell Atlas Reveals Diversity and Plasticity of Tissue-Resident Neutrophils in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is characterized by molecular heterogeneity with diverse immune cell infiltration patterns, which has been linked to both, therapy sensitivity and resistance. However, full understanding of how immune cell phenotypes vary across different patient and tumor subgroups is lacking. Here, we dissect the NSCLC tumor microenvironment at high resolution by integrating 1,212,463 single-cells from 538 samples and 309 patients across 29 datasets, including our own dataset capturing cells with low mRNA content. Based on the cellular composition we stratified patients into immune deserted, B cell, T cell, and myeloid cell subtypes. Using bulk samples with genomic and clinical information, we identified specific cellular components associated with tumor histology and genotypes. Analysis of cells with low mRNA content uncovered distinct subpopulations of tissue-resident neutrophils (TRNs) that acquire new functional properties in the tissue microenvironment, providing evidence for the plasticity of TRNs. TRN-derived gene signature was associated with anti-PD-L1 treatment failure in a large NSCLC cohort.