Titanium dioxide (TiO₂)-based photocatalyst materials activity enhancement for contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) degradation: In the light of modification strategies

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) as a photocatalyst has been ubiquitously studied for environmental applications. Though, readily available, nontoxic, and environmentally friendly; lower efficiency, less energy harvesting within the UV–Vis range with the ease of photogenerated charge recombination is still a concern for its full-scale deployment as a photocatalyst for environmental remediation applications. In the light of this, this mini review considers heteroatom doping, dye/metal sensitization, metal oxide/ semiconductor coupling, heterojunction constructions, surface morphology regulation as well carbonaceous and other nanomaterial hybrids for the improvement of TiO₂ photocatalytic activity performance efficiency in the removal of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) from aqueous systems.