Transition metal based layered double hydroxides tailored for energy conversion and storage

Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) are a class of clays with brucite like layers and intercalated anions. The first (3d) series transition metals based LDHs (TM-LDHs) are attracting increasing interest in the field of energy conversion and storage processes due to their unique physicochemical properties. In this article, we review recent developments in the synthesis and applications of TM-LDH in these areas including water splitting, CO2 conversion, metal-air batteries and supercapacitors and the underlying mechanisms of these processes. In addition, current challenges and possible strategies are discussed from the viewpoint of material design and performance.